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kirpathapa
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hill roadstransportation
  1. lidiya thapa Beginner

    Selection of road alignment Geometric design (Gradient and hair pin bends) Cross section design Design of drainage structure Design and construction problems in Hill roads There are various design and construction problem in hill road, listed as: i.  A hilly or mountainous area is characterized by aRead more

    • Selection of road alignment
    • Geometric design (Gradient and hair pin bends)
    • Cross section design
    • Design of drainage structure

    Design and construction problems in Hill roads

    There are various design and construction problem in hill road, listed as:

    i.  A hilly or mountainous area is characterized by a highly broken relief with widely differing elevations, steep slopes, deep gorges, and a great number of water courses. Owning to complex topography, the route length has to be ineffectively increased.

    ii. Due to presence of number of water courses, a large number of culverts, bridges and cause way are required.

    iii. In mountainous terrain it is very much difficult and tedius to fix alignment, topography surveys and other geological and hydrological studies.

    iv. It is very difficult to design and construction of hairpin bends in large number also possibility of accident becomes high due to presence of it.

    v. Cost of design and construction is high.

    vi. It is very difficult to maintain gradient along longitudinal alignment and sufficient side distance.

    vii. Proper management of highway drainage is very difficult and demands extra work such as catch drain, vertical drain etc.

    viii. Needs a lot of permanent works like retaining walls, breast walls etc.

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lidiya thapa
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fluid mechanicsorificemeterventurimeter
  1. kirpathapa Beginner

    The main differences between a venturimeter and orifice meter are: i) The venturimeter can be used for measuring the flow rates of all incompressible flows; whereas orifice meters are generally used for measuring flow rates of liquids. ii) Venturimeter is installed in pipeline only and flow continueRead more

    The main differences between a venturimeter and orifice meter are:

    i) The venturimeter can be used for measuring the flow rates of all incompressible flows; whereas orifice meters are generally used for measuring flow rates of liquids.

    ii) Venturimeter is installed in pipeline only and flow continues through the pipeline. In orifice meter, the entire potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and jet discharges freely into open atmosphere.

    iii) In venturimeter, the flow velocity is measured by noting the pressure difference between the inlet and throat of venturimeter, whereas in the orifice meter, the discharge velocity is measured by using pilot-tube or by trajectory method.

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Yanji Sherpa
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continuumfluid mechanics
  1. Pasang Sherpa

    About seventy percent of the populations of Nepal are living in the rural areas. Therefore developments in urban centers alone do not indicates the overall development of the country. Only with the improvement in transportation facilities in rural areas, there could be faster development of these arRead more

    About seventy percent of the populations of Nepal are living in the rural areas. Therefore developments in urban centers alone do not indicates the overall development of the country. Only with the improvement in transportation facilities in rural areas, there could be faster development of these areas, resulting in overall development of the country. The fertilizers and other inputs for agriculture and tourism and cottage industries could reach the rural population easily and the products of the villages can be sold at the nearest market centers for more remunerative prices, resulting in faster economic growth and decreased wastage. By providing improved facilities for education health care and other social needs. In the villages, the urge for the migration of the population to urban centers decreases, thus helping in balanced development of the country as a whole.

    The impacts of rural road connectivity , from the recent rural road development programs in the country are as follows:

    • Improvement in transportation service leads to improve access to market centers for the rural producers, better availability of farm inputs at reduced prices
    • Diversification of  agricultural produce with improved market access promotes shifts in favor of cash crops and commercialization of agricultural activities
    • Diversification of livelihood opportunities with better connectivity enhances employment opportunities in the non-agricultural sectors
    • Improved services with improved road connectivity, inter-alia, enhance access to education, health and financial services
    • Increases in the outreach due to improved rural roads facilitates better availability of public services and functionaries in rural areas
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lidiya thapa
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civil engineeringcompaction curve
  1. kirpathapa Beginner

    A curve which is plotted between the water content as abscissa and the corresponding dry density as ordinate is known as compaction curve. Salient features of compaction curves are: i) The curve is usually of a hyperbolic form when the points obtained from the tests are smoothly joined. ii) The peakRead more

    A curve which is plotted between the water content as abscissa and the corresponding dry density as ordinate is known as compaction curve.

    Salient features of compaction curves are:

    i) The curve is usually of a hyperbolic form when the points obtained from the tests are smoothly joined.

    ii) The peak point of compaction curve is the point with the maximum dry density, corresponding to maximum dry density is water content is known as optimum water content.

    iii) At water content lower the O.M.C. the soil is rather stiff and has lot of void spaces and therefore dry density is low.

    iv) Water content beyond the O.M.C. reduces the dry density because the extra water start occupying the space which otherwise could have been occupied by soil grains under compaction.

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Aastha_tandukar
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energyenergy transferquestionthermodynamics
  1. sonal_shahi Beginner

    The ability to perform work is said to be energy of a system. Alternatively, energy of a system can be defined as capacity of system to exert force for a certain interval. If a system has high energy content, it can provide higher magnitude of force for longer interval of time. Exchange of energy acRead more

    The ability to perform work is said to be energy of a system. Alternatively, energy of a system can be defined as capacity of system to exert force for a certain interval. If a system has high energy content, it can provide higher magnitude of force for longer interval of time.

    Exchange of energy across the boundary of a system due to the intensive property difference between system and surrounding is said to be energy transfer. Energy transfer occurs as heat transfer or work transfer.

    A form of energy which constitutes total energy of a system, remains within the system boundary as inherent property of a system is said to be stored energy. Internal energy, potential energy, kinetic energy,etc., are examples of stored energy. Stored energy has unique value for each equilibrium state and is independent of path. Hence, it is a thermodynamic property.

    A form of energy that can cross the boundary of a system during thermodynamic process is said to be transient energy. Heat transfer and work transfer are examples of transient energy. Transient energy is a a dynamic form of energy and do not have unique value for each equilibrium state. It depends on properties of system as well as properties of surrounding. It is dependent on path. Thus, it is not thermodynamic property.

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sonal_shahi
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heat transferthermodynamics
  1. Aastha_tandukar Beginner

    It has been observed that when the experiments are performed at relatively low pressure and temperatures, most of the real gases obey Boyle’s law and Charles’s law appreciably. However, behavior of real gases deviates considerably at elevated pressures and low temperatures. The ideal gas equation caRead more

    It has been observed that when the experiments are performed at relatively low pressure and temperatures, most of the real gases obey Boyle’s law and Charles’s law appreciably. However, behavior of real gases deviates considerably at elevated pressures and low temperatures. The ideal gas equation can be derived analytically using kinetic theory of gases with the assumptions.

    i) A finite volume of gas contains large number of molecules.

    ii) The size of the molecules is much smaller than average distance between the molecules. Therefore, they do not interact with each other or with the walls of the container except during collision.

    iii) The collision between the molecules or their collision with the walls is perfectly elastic.

    iv) The time duration of collision is negligibly small in comparison to time duration between two successive collisions of a molecule.

    As long as these assumption are valid, the behavior of a real gas approaches nearly that of ideal gas.

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