Selection of road alignment Geometric design (Gradient and hair pin bends) Cross section design Design of drainage structure Design and construction problems in Hill roads There are various design and construction problem in hill road, listed as: i. A hilly or mountainous area is characterized by aRead more
- Selection of road alignment
- Geometric design (Gradient and hair pin bends)
- Cross section design
- Design of drainage structure
Design and construction problems in Hill roads
There are various design and construction problem in hill road, listed as:
i. A hilly or mountainous area is characterized by a highly broken relief with widely differing elevations, steep slopes, deep gorges, and a great number of water courses. Owning to complex topography, the route length has to be ineffectively increased.
ii. Due to presence of number of water courses, a large number of culverts, bridges and cause way are required.
iii. In mountainous terrain it is very much difficult and tedius to fix alignment, topography surveys and other geological and hydrological studies.
iv. It is very difficult to design and construction of hairpin bends in large number also possibility of accident becomes high due to presence of it.
v. Cost of design and construction is high.
vi. It is very difficult to maintain gradient along longitudinal alignment and sufficient side distance.
vii. Proper management of highway drainage is very difficult and demands extra work such as catch drain, vertical drain etc.
viii. Needs a lot of permanent works like retaining walls, breast walls etc.
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Participatory approach tries to engage local population in development project. Development projects will be more sustainable and successful if local population is engaged in the development process. Participatory approach has become an increasingly accepted method of development practice and is empRead more
Participatory approach tries to engage local population in development project. Development projects will be more sustainable and successful if local population is engaged in the development process. Participatory approach has become an increasingly accepted method of development practice and is employed by a variety of organizations. It is often presented as an alternative to mainstream “top down” development.
See lessParticipatory methodologies that take as their starting point a commitment to social and economic justices, as well as empowerment, are control to meeting the challenges of peace building. People-centered or transformative participation focuses on issues of power and control. It is concerned about the nature of a community and not simply the technical and managerial aspects of organizations and participation in them from this perspective, participation is about power and particularly about an increase in the power of the disadvantaged. It requires a capacity to identify those who are weaker and disenfranchised within a community and to empower them through shared knowledge and experience.