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IOE Syllabus Latest Questions

kirpathapa
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environmentquestionsocietytechnology
  1. lidiya thapa Beginner

    An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of their environment (things like air, wider and mineral soil), interacting as a system. Ecosystem is a natural unit which consists of biotic communities and their abiotic environment. It is also Basic funcRead more

    An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of their environment (things like air, wider and mineral soil), interacting as a system. Ecosystem is a natural unit which consists of biotic communities and their abiotic environment. It is also Basic functional unit in ecology. Energy, water, nitrogen and soil  minerals are other essential abiotic components of an ecosystem. Ecosystem are controlled both by external and internal factors. External factors such as climate, parent material that forms the soil, typography, etc. and internal factors include disturbance, succession and the types of species present.

     

    Characteristics of Ecosystem:

    i) Biotic component: producer (green plants), consumers (animals), decomposers (microorganisms)

    ii) Abiotic component: Air, water, soil

    iii) Energy flow: Sun is the  main source of energy

    iv) Matter

    v) Interrelationship

    vi) Biological integration

    vii) Flexibility

    viii) Ecological regulation

    ix) Smallest unit of biosphere

    x) An open system with a continuous, but variable influx and loss of materials and energy.

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lidiya thapa
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environmentquestionsocietytechnology
  1. kirpathapa Beginner

    Accumulation of any substances in the air in the sufficient concentration to effect man, animals, vegetation or other materials is called air pollution. Water pollution is defined as the presence of various types of impurities that tends to degrade its quality and either constitutes a health hazardRead more

    Accumulation of any substances in the air in the sufficient concentration to effect man, animals, vegetation or other materials is called air pollution.

    Water pollution is defined as the presence of various types of impurities that tends to degrade its quality and either constitutes a health hazard or otherwise decrease the utility of water.

    Sources of water pollution

    Natural: Soil erosion, solutions of mineral in water, rain water, storms, earthquake. seawater intrusion, dust/dirt falling from atmosphere, deposition of animal wastes and fallen leaves, etc.

    Man made: Due to agriculture, sewage, wastes, industry

    Mitigation measures of water pollution

    • Treatment of sewage
    • Treatment of industrial waste
    • Providing training and technical facilities in industry to treat waste water
    • Not using water source for discharging sewage
    • Rules and regulations for controlling pollution
    • Proper planning of towns
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lidiya thapa
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environmentquestionsocietytechnology
  1. kirpathapa Beginner

    Emission of Green house gases is the main cause of climate change. Green house gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gas, etc. These gases are produced primarily through the burning of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), solid waste and trees and wood products but alsoRead more

    Emission of Green house gases is the main cause of climate change. Green house gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gas, etc. These gases are produced primarily through the burning of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), solid waste and trees and wood products but also deforestation and soil degradation add carbon dioxide  to the atmosphere and re-growth of forest can be supplemented b y conserving them. Following points describe national parks and conservation area important in Nepal as an effective strategy to reduce green house gas emission:

    • Control on deforestation will achieved, which make people to rely on other means of energy such as bio gas for daily activities such as for cooking food, which automatic results reduction in GHG.
    • It helps to promote of renewable energy.
    • Conservation on biodiversity through national parks help to make environment healthy.
    • People can travel, trek, spend time and get enjoyment based on machinery engine will not be used in vast amount and emission of automobiles reduces.
    • Concept of national park and conservation area helps to develop concept and awareness about environment protection.
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Aastha_tandukar
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energyenergy transferquestionthermodynamics
  1. sonal_shahi Beginner

    The ability to perform work is said to be energy of a system. Alternatively, energy of a system can be defined as capacity of system to exert force for a certain interval. If a system has high energy content, it can provide higher magnitude of force for longer interval of time. Exchange of energy acRead more

    The ability to perform work is said to be energy of a system. Alternatively, energy of a system can be defined as capacity of system to exert force for a certain interval. If a system has high energy content, it can provide higher magnitude of force for longer interval of time.

    Exchange of energy across the boundary of a system due to the intensive property difference between system and surrounding is said to be energy transfer. Energy transfer occurs as heat transfer or work transfer.

    A form of energy which constitutes total energy of a system, remains within the system boundary as inherent property of a system is said to be stored energy. Internal energy, potential energy, kinetic energy,etc., are examples of stored energy. Stored energy has unique value for each equilibrium state and is independent of path. Hence, it is a thermodynamic property.

    A form of energy that can cross the boundary of a system during thermodynamic process is said to be transient energy. Heat transfer and work transfer are examples of transient energy. Transient energy is a a dynamic form of energy and do not have unique value for each equilibrium state. It depends on properties of system as well as properties of surrounding. It is dependent on path. Thus, it is not thermodynamic property.

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Aastha_tandukar
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heat energyquestionthermodynamics
  1. sonal_shahi Beginner

    If a process can be carried out in such a way that the effects produced by it on the system as well as the surroundings can be completely restored to their initial state and no changes are left in any of the systems taking part in the process or to the surroundings, then the process is said to be aRead more

    If a process can be carried out in such a way that the effects produced by it on the system as well as the surroundings can be completely restored to their initial state and no changes are left in any of the systems taking part in the process or to the surroundings, then the process is said to be a reversible process. In this process, the system passes through a succession of equilibrium state or states that differ from equilibrium only infinitesimally. Such a process must occur slowly in a controlled manner. If a process does not satisfy these conditions, it is said to be irreversible process, i.e., the processes which produce a permanent change in the thermodynamic state of the system and cannot be retraced in the opposite manner, are known as irreversible process.

    Examples of reversible processes are an infinitesimally slow expansion and compression of ideal gas at constant pressure, all the mechanical processes taking place under the action of conservative force, etc.

    Decay matter, flowing of current through a conductor, rusting of iron, etc. is examples of irreversible processes.

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Aastha_tandukar
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heat transferquestionthermodynamics
  1. sonal_shahi Beginner

    In macroscopic approach, certain quantity of matter is considered without taking into account the events occuring at molecular level. In other words, this approach to thermodynamics is concerned with gross or overall behaviour. This is known as classical thermodynamics. The microscopic approach consRead more

    In macroscopic approach, certain quantity of matter is considered without taking into account the events occuring at molecular level. In other words, this approach to thermodynamics is concerned with gross or overall behaviour. This is known as classical thermodynamics.

    The microscopic approach considers that system is made up of a very large number of discrete particles known as molecules. These molecules have different velocities and energies. The values of these energies are constantly changing with time. This approach to thermodynamics which is concerned directly with the structure of the matter is known as statistical thermodynamics.

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