• Selection of road alignment
• Geometric design (Gradient and hair pin bends)
• Cross section design
• Design of drainage structure

Design and construction problems in Hill roads

There are various design and construction problem in hill road, listed as:

i.  A hilly or mountainous area is characterized by a highly broken relief with widely differing elevations, steep slopes, deep gorges, and a great number of water courses. Owning to complex topography, the route length has to be ineffectively increased.

ii. Due to presence of number of water courses, a large number of culverts, bridges and cause way are required.

iii. In mountainous terrain it is very much difficult and tedius to fix alignment, topography surveys and other geological and hydrological studies.

iv. It is very difficult to design and construction of hairpin bends in large number also possibility of accident becomes high due to presence of it.

v. Cost of design and construction is high.

vi. It is very difficult to maintain gradient along longitudinal alignment and sufficient side distance.

vii. Proper management of highway drainage is very difficult and demands extra work such as catch drain, vertical drain etc.

viii. Needs a lot of permanent works like retaining walls, breast walls etc.